Estimation of causal effects with small data in the presence of trapdoor variables

By Jouni Helske, Santtu Tikka and Juha Karvanen in Causal Inference Bayesian Inference

July 30, 2021

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Abstract

We consider the problem of estimating causal effects of interventions from observational data when well-known back-door and front-door adjustments are not applicable. We show that when an identifiable causal effect is subject to an implicit functional constraint that is not deducible from conditional independence relations, the estimator of the causal effect can exhibit bias in small samples. This bias is related to variables that we call trapdoor variables. We use simulated data to study different strategies to account for trapdoor variables and suggest how the related trapdoor bias might be minimized. The importance of trapdoor variables in causal effect estimation is illustrated with real data from the Life Course 1971–2002 study. Using this data set, we estimate the causal effect of education on income in the Finnish context. Bayesian modelling allows us to take the parameter uncertainty into account and to present the estimated causal effects as posterior distributions.

Posted on:
July 30, 2021
Length:
1 minute read, 150 words
Categories:
Causal Inference Bayesian Inference
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